Nathaniel R. Little, MD
Carolyn H. Welsh, MD
University of Colorado and the Eastern Colorado Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Department of Medicine
Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine
Denver, CO
History of Present Illness
A 33 year-old man came by ambulance to the Emergency Department for progressive altered mental status and bizarre behavior. Per history from his significant other, the patient had a long-standing history of heroin addiction and diazepam abuse. Despite multiple failed attempts at prior detoxification, he had recently resolved to “take matters into his own hands.”
The patient had informed his girlfriend that he quit heroin “cold turkey” 3 days prior to admission. On the first day after his last heroin use, he was communicative, energetic, and appeared normal. On the second day, he was increasingly introspective, somnolent, and mute. He spent the majority of the day in bed, and had tremors of all extremities. On the third day, he experienced increased arousal, with auditory and visual hallucinations. His speech was “very technical and scientific” with episodes of “waxing philosophic.” Given increasingly erratic behavior, worsening tremors, and inability to ambulate; emergency services were called for transport to the hospital.
Past Medical History, Social history and Family History:
The patient had a history of heroin and diazepam addiction, with failed attempts at cessation. He carried prior diagnoses of depression and anxiety, with a history of suicide attempts in his youth. He took no prescribed medications. He was employed as a software engineer. Aside from daily intravenous heroin use, he did not smoke nor drink alcohol. Family history was non-contributory.
Physical Examination:
On admission , he was hypothermic (35.8 C), hypotensive (BP = 81/48), and bradycardic (HR =41). Respiratory rate and oxygen saturations were normal. He was pale, diaphoretic, altered, and responsive only to internal stimuli. Additional findings included nystagmus, with oral exam showing dry mucus membranes. Per cardiovascular exam, he had profound bradycardia, with diminished radial and dorsalis pedis pulses. His extremities were cool to the touch. Pulmonary and abdominal exams were normal. On neurologic evaluation, the patient demonstrated a Glasgow Coma Score of 9, opened eyes only to command, demonstrated mumbled speech, and had tongue fasiculations. He was able to move all extremities, but with severe ataxia. Deep tendon reflexes were normal.
Laboratory Studies:
Complete Blood Count: White blood cell count (WBC) 9.0 x 1000 cells/µL, hemoglobin 14.5 g/dL, hematocrit 43.0, platelets 220,000 cells/µL
Chemistry: Sodium 150 meq/L, potassium 3.6 meq/L, chloride 113 meq/L, bicarbonate (CO2) 25 meq/L, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 31 mg/dL, creatinine 1.14 mg/dL, glucose 114 mg/dL, magnesium 1.6 meq/L, phosphorus 4.1 mg/dL, creatinine kinase 33.
Toxicology Screen: Urine drug screen positive only for benzodiazepines, negative for opiates.
Urine: trace ketones, otherwise unremarkable.
Imaging:
Figure 1. Admission AP of chest.
The patient’s clinical presentation thus far is most consistent with what type of shock: (click on the correct answer to proceed to the next panel)
Reference as: Little NR, Welsh CH. November 2014 critical care case of the month: I be gaining on my addiction. Southwest J Pulm Crit Care. 2014:9(5):257-63. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13175/swjpcc146-14 PDF