April 2025 Medical Image of the Month: An Unfortunate Case of Mimicry

Figure 1. Portable upright AP chest Xray demonstrating airspace opacities (consolidation and ground glass) in the right lower lobe (circled).  Note how the right heart border and medial right hemidiaphragm are not silhouetted out, indicating that the right lower lobe is involved rather than the right middle lobe.  Findings originally interpreted as right lower lobe pneumonia. To view Figure 1 in a separate, enlarged window click here.

Figure 2. Axial (A) and coronal (B) lung window reconstructions from a subsequent noncontrast chest CT demonstrating mass-like consolidation in the right lower lobe with adjacent ground glass and septal line thickening.  At first glance the findings would be consistent with pneumonia.  However, when combined with the patient’s smoking history and the history of RLL consolidation not responding to several courses of antibiotics, malignancy should be excluded.  There is also narrowing of the right lower lobe bronchus (B).  The septal thickening in this context is concerning for local lymphatic invasion/lymphangitic carcinomatosis. To view Figure 2 in a separate, enlarged window click here.

Figure 3: High-power PAP (A) and H&E (B) stains performed on tissue obtained from fine needle aspiration of right hilar lymph nodes confirmed metastatic involvement of poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma.  The cells stain positive for TTF-1 (C), consistent with a lung primary.  Cultures from bronchoalveolar lavage were negative for infection but showed atypical cells on high-power H&E staining (D). To view Figure 3 in a separate, enlarged window click here.

Figure 4: An FDG-PET CT performed after discharge demonstrated metabolically hyperactive lymphadenopathy in the right supraclavicular (A), subcarinal, and right mediastinal (B) regions with SUV values as high as 9.5.  Mixed ground-glass and solid consolidation in the right lung (C) demonstrated marked metabolic hyperactivity (SUV up to 7.15) consistent with the patient’s history of squamous cell carcinoma. To view Figure 4 in a separate, enlarged window click here.

A 63-year-old African American woman with a 30-pack-year smoking history (quit 12 years prior) presented to the emergency room with a persistent cough, throat pain, significant weight loss (15 pounds over 6 months), exertional dyspnea, hoarseness, and fatigue. She denied dysphagia or GERD symptoms and had no other significant medical history. Over four months, she received three courses of antibiotics for presumed lobar pneumonia based on chest X-ray findings.  There was no significant clinical improvement, prompting her current visit to the ED.  The patient appeared ill and in discomfort. Her vital signs included a blood pressure of 108/73 mmHg (right arm, lying), pulse of 96 bpm, temperature of 99.3 °F (37.4 °C, oral), respiratory rate of 18 breaths/min, and SpO₂ of 91% on room air. Her BMI was 27 kg/m². Physical examination revealed a prominent right supraclavicular lymph node and diminished air entry at the right lung base with a few crackles.  There were no signs of edema, no neurological deficits, and no abdominal abnormalities.

A repeat chest X-ray demonstrated persistent right lower lobe (RLL) consolidation (Fig 1). A chest CT revealed RLL mass-like consolidation with a possible underlying mass and interlobular septal thickening, concerning for lymphangitic carcinomatosis (Fig 2). Laboratory results demonstrated hypercalcemia (14.70 mg/dL; normal range [NR]: 8.4–10.2 mg/dL), suppressed PTH (9.8 pg/dL; NR: 15–103 pg/dL), and elevated parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) (119 pmol/L; NR: 0.0–3.4 pmol/L), suggestive of malignancy. She received IV broad-spectrum antibiotics for possible post-obstructive pneumonia, but sputum cultures remained negative.

Bronchoscopy with endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) revealed patent airways with minimal narrowing of the right lower lobe and right middle lobe bronchi due to mucosal swelling. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of right mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes, along with bronchoalveolar lavage of the right lower lobe, was performed. Cytology from lymph nodes at stations 4R, 7, and 11Rs confirmed involvement with poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (Fig 3A-C). Bronchoalveolar lavage cultures were negative but showed atypical cells (Fig 3D). A repeat chest CT prior to discharge demonstrated persistent RLL consolidation despite 7 days of inpatient IV broad-spectrum antibiotics. The patient tolerated a 6-minute walk test well and did not require home oxygen.  An FDG-PET CT performed soon after discharge (Fig 4) revealed hypermetabolism in the RLL consolidation along with hypermetabolic right hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. An enlarged right supraclavicular lymph node with significant hypermetabolism was also noted, likely causing pressure or invasion of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve, explaining her throat pain and hoarseness.

This case illustrates how lung cancer can mimic lobar pneumonia. SCC commonly occurs in smokers, and its symptoms often overlap with acute on chronic bronchitis or pneumonia, especially in early stages. In this patient, the failure of pneumonia-like symptoms to improve with antibiotics and steroids, combined with weight loss, constitutional symptoms, and elevated PTHrP, were red flags prompting further workup (1,2). Persistent lobar consolidation on imaging, despite treatment, was a key indicator of malignancy (3).  An invasive diagnostic approach, including bronchoscopy with EBUS, was crucial for confirmation. Elevated PTHrP levels are often associated with paraneoplastic syndromes in malignancies such as SCC. The patient’s neck pain and hoarseness were likely due to the enlarged right supraclavicular lymph node exerting pressure on or invading the recurrent laryngeal nerve.  This case highlights the diagnostic challenges of lung cancer presenting as lobar consolidation mimicking pneumonia. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for malignancy in patients with risk factors and non-resolving symptoms and unchanging imaging findings. A multidisciplinary approach, including advanced imaging and invasive diagnostic techniques, is essential for timely diagnosis and management. This case is also unique, as few reports describe SCC presenting as lobar consolidation; most cases of lung cancer mimicking pneumonia involve adenocarcinoma presenting as non-resolving peripheral consolidation.

Abdulmonam Ali MD¹ and Maha Abdulla MD²

¹Pulmonary & Critical Care and ²Pathology

SSM Health

Mount Vernon, Illinois, USA

References

1. Blackstone N, El-Aini T. Medical image of the month: mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung mimicking pneumonia. Southwest J Pulm Crit Care. 2021;22(1):8-10. [CrossRef]
2. Chaudhary K, Kaur P, Poudel B, Schroeder K, Khatri V. A Case Report of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Misdiagnosed as Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia. Cureus. 2023 Jul 27;15(7):e42574. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3. Lee TJ, Leung JWT, Reddy GP, Gotway MB. Persistent lobar consolidation: diagnostic considerations. Clin Pulm Med. 2006; 13(4):258-61. [CrossRef]

Cite as: Ali A, Abdulla M. April 2025 Medical Image of the Month: An Unfortunate Case of Mimicry. Southwest J Pulm Crit Care Sleep. 2025;30(4):40-43. doi: https://doi.org/10.13175/swjpccs008-25 PDF

March 2025 Medical Image of the Month: An Unusual Case of Pulmonary Infarction

Figure 1. Axial reconstructions from a contrast-enhanced CT angiogram of the chest performed according to pulmonary embolism protocol. Lung window reconstructions (A,B) demonstrate multiple peripheral lesions with variable degrees of cavitation (arrows). Vascular window reconstructions (C,D) demonstrate pulmonary artery filling defects consistent with pulmonary emboli (arrowheads) which are associated with the cavitary lesions. To view Figure 1 in a separate, enlarged window click here.

Figure 2. Lower extremity duplex venous ultrasound performed to evaluate for deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Short axis 2D images through the left common femoral vein (CFV) without (A) and with (B) compression are positive for DVT. Color doppler imaging through the left CFV (C) fails to demonstrate any blood flow. Findings are consistent with left CFV DVT, the likely cause of the patient’s pulmonary emboli. To view Figure 2 in a separate, enlarged window click here.

Figure 3. Due to the high level of concern for septic emboli, one of the lesions was biopsied. Low-power (A) and high-power (B) Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stains of a core biopsy specimen demonstrate findings consistent with a bland pulmonary infarct including hemorrhages, necrosis, and fibrin deposition. To view Figure 3 in a separate, enlarged window click here.

A 62-year-old woman with a history of hypertension, hypothyroidism, alcohol use, unexplained weight loss, and anorexia (for which she had been prescribed megestrol 3 months earlier) presented with alarming swelling in her left lower extremity. The swelling started in the left leg but progressively involved the entire left lower extremity over the course of a week. Patient also reported worsening chest pain and shortness of breathing starting 3 days prior to presentation. No cough or hemoptysis, no fevers or chills. She had a 45 pack-year smoking history. Her physical exam showed sinus tachycardia with heart rate 108 beats per minute, blood pressure 110/70 mm Hg, SpO2 was reading at 88% on room air. There was no jugular venous distention. Her heart sounds were normal, and her chest was clear upon auscultation. Patient was placed on supplemental oxygen. A chest X-ray (CXR) revealed mass-like cavitary lesions in both lungs. Routine laboratory work was pertinent for elevated D-dimer. A subsequent CT angiogram of the chest (Figure 1 A-D) demonstrated bilateral pulmonary emboli as well as multiple cavitary mass-like lesions in lungs which have an appearance concerning for septic emboli. A CT of the abdomen and pelvis was unremarkable.

The patient was admitted to the step-down unit, and blood cultures and sputum cultures were collected. Empiric antibiotic therapy was initiated. Venous Doppler confirmed extensive deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the left lower extremity (Figure 2 A-C), and anticoagulation with a heparin drip was started. Connective tissue disease and vasculitis panels yielded negative results. A 2D echocardiogram showed a normal ejection fraction with no evidence of right ventricular strain or vegetations. Due to the lesions' location and concerns regarding atypical infection versus malignancy, a percutaneous CT-guided biopsy was performed after temporarily halting anticoagulation. Pathology confirmed pulmonary infarction changes, including hemorrhages, necrosis, and fibrin deposition (Figure 3 A-B) without any signs of infection. Her blood cultures remained negative and sputum cultures grew normal flora. Antibiotic therapy was discontinued. The patient had reported a recent workup for unintentional weight loss by her primary care physician, including a colonoscopy prior to her hospital admission, which was unremarkable. Additionally, a mammogram was negative for suspicious lesions.

Cavitary lung infarctions, though rare, present significant diagnostic and management challenges and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cavitary lung disease, especially in the setting of thromboembolism. In this case, the patient’s unexplained weight loss and anorexia initially raised concern for potential malignancy. However, her CT abdomen, recent mammogram, and colonoscopy were all within normal, making neoplastic causes less likely. Although her history of alcoholism could predispose her to immunosuppression, aspiration pneumonias, and atypical infections (which can also present with cavitary lung lesions), the patient did not exhibit symptoms or signs of infection. Her blood and sputum cultures remained negative throughout the hospital admission. On the other hand, the initiation of Megestrol therapy likely triggered left lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which led to subacute thromboembolic events and pulmonary infarctions. This was consistent with the pathologic findings.

Cavitary lung lesions can result from a variety of pathologies, making the diagnosis of the underlying etiology challenging. Cavitary lung infarctions, though rare, are a known complication of pulmonary embolism (PE). Studies by Knox et al. (1), He et al.  (2 ), Scharf et al. (3), and Wilson et al. (4) highlight the complexity of diagnosing and managing cavitary lung infarctions, emphasizing the need for individualized diagnostic approaches, particularly when clinical presentations are ambiguous. This case emphasizes the importance of recognizing this association in relevant clinical scenarios while systematically excluding other potential causes. An individualized diagnostic approach, including integrating clinical findings with advanced imaging, laboratory evaluation, and, when necessary, biopsy, is vital for accurate diagnosis and tailored management

Abdulmonam Ali, MD

Pulmonary & Critical Care

SSM Health

Mount Vernon, IL USA

References

1. Knox KS, Arteaga VA. Medical image of the week: PE with infarct and pulmonary cavitation. Southwest J Pulm Crit Care. 2014;9(6):333-4. [CrossRef]
2. He H, Stein MW, Zalta B, Haramati LB. Pulmonary infarction: spectrum of findings on multidetector helical CT. J Thorac Imaging. 2006 Mar;21(1):1-7. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3. Scharf J, Nahir AM, Munk J, Lichtig C. Aseptic cavitation in pulmonary infarction. Chest. 1971 Apr;59(4):456-8. [Crossref][PubMed]
4. Scharf J, Nahir AM, Munk J, Lichtig C. Aseptic cavitation in pulmonary infarction. Chest. 1971 Apr;59(4):456-8. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Cite as: Ali A. March 2025 Medical Image of the Month: An Unusual Case of Pulmonary Infarction. Southwest J Pulm Crit Care Sleep. 2025;30(3):34-36. doi: https://doi.org/10.13175/swjpccs055-24 PDF