Correct!
4. Filling defects indicating pulmonary embolism are sometimes seen on non-contrast images and have a high PPV for PE.

Tatco and Piedad (1) preformed a retrospective review of contrast CT images done under a PE protocol for 121 patients suspected of having pulmonary embolism. They then reviewed non-contrast images from the 25 patients who had a positive PE seen on the contrast CT images. They found that in nine of those patients an intravascular filling defect was visible even on the non-contrast images. They called this the “hyperdense lumen sign” and found the positive predictive value was 90%. The “hyperdense lumen sign” was more often seen on central rather than peripheral intravascular filling defects.

In a patient with acute, massive pulmonary embolism experiencing hemodynamic instability in the absence of a clear contraindication, the treatment of choice is: (Click on the correct answer to proceed to the next panel)

  1. Emergent surgical embolectomy.
  2. Fibrinolysis with systemic tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) administered through a peripheral intravenous catheter.
  3. Fibrinolysis with systemic tPA administered through a pulmonary-artery catheter.
  4. Therapeutic anticoagulation with intravenous heparin via a weight-based protocol.

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