May 2022 Imaging Case of the Month: Asymmetric Apical Opacity–Diagnostic Considerations

Michael B. Gotway MD

Department of Radiology

Mayo Clinic, Arizona

Phoenix, Arizona USA

Clinical History: A 64–year–old woman presented to the emergency room with complaints of right arm pain for 2 months accompanied by subjective low-grade intermittent fevers.  

The patient’s past medical history was unremarkable and she had never had surgery. She had been a smoker for most of her life, at least 25-pack-years. She denied allergies, admitted to moderate daily alcohol use, and denied illicit drug use.

The patient’s physical examination showed no clear focal abnormalities and she was afebrile. She did have some right scapular tenderness to palpation, although there were no abnormal skin changes over this region. Her pulse rate and blood pressure were within normal limits, and her room air oxygen saturation was 96%. Basic laboratory data, including a complete blood count and electrolytes were largely within the normal range. The patient’s white blood cell count was technically abnormal at 9.7 x10⁹ (normal, 3.4 - 9.6 x 10⁹), but there was no left shift and the treating emergency room physician felt the mildly elevated white blood cell count was of no clinical significance.

Frontal and lateral chest radiography (Figure 1) was performed.

Figure 1. Frontal (A) and lateral (B) chest radiography.

Which of the following represents an appropriate interpretation of her frontal chest and lateral radiograph? (Click on the correct answer to be directed to the second of twelve pages)

1. Frontal chest radiography shows multifocal consolidation
2. Frontal chest radiograph shows numerous small nodules
3. Frontal chest radiography shows a focal mass
4. Frontal chest radiography shows a destructive bone lesion
5. Frontal chest radiography shows pleural effusion

Cite as: Gotway MB. May 2022 Imaging Case of the Month: Asymmetric Apical Opacity–Diagnostic Considerations. Southwest J Pulm Crit Care Sleep. 2022;24(5):64-71. doi: https://doi.org/10.13175/swjpccs019-22 PDF

April 2022 Medical Image of the Month: COVID Pericarditis

Figure 1. A: Pericardial enhancement on thoracic CT (red arrows). B: Thoracic CT in lung windows showing mosaic attenuation (black arrows) and bilateral pleural effusions (red arrows).

Figure 2. A: Static image of parasternal short axis on transthoracic echocardiogram showing moderate, generalized pericardial effusion with right ventricular diastolic collapse (red arrow). B. Static image of parasternal long axis on transthoracic echocardiogram again showing a moderate, generalized pericardial effusion (red arrow). Lower panel: video of echocardiogram in parasternal long axis view.

A 76-year-old patient presented with fatigue and shortness of breath after missing one session of dialysis. Past medical history included end stage renal disease on hemodialysis and atrial fibrillation on anticoagulation. Initial labs showed that she was COVID positive with mild elevation in troponin and a BNP 1200. While an inpatient, she had received a few sessions of dialysis and treatment for COVID (including dexamethasone and remdesivir). Initial echo showed an ejection fraction of 60-65% with a small generalized pericardial effusion, a thickened pericardium with calcification. A few days after admission patient was suddenly noted to be hypotensive with systolic blood pressure in the 70s and altered mental status. Repeated labs showed a D-Dimer of 17,232, leukocytosis, lactic acidosis, troponin 0.556 ng/ml and arterial blood gas with metabolic acidosis. With a worsening clinical picture, repeat imaging was obtained. CT angiography of the chest was negative for pulmonary embolism; however, it showed a large pericardial effusion with reduced size of the right ventricle more so than left, concerning for cardiac tamponade (Figure 1A). CT chest also showed moderate-to-large pleural effusions with scattered mosaic attenuation of the lung parenchyma (Figure 1B). Repeat transthoracic echocardiogram had a moderate generalized pericardial effusion with right ventricular diastolic collapse concerning for pericardial tamponade (Figure 2). Her airway was secured with endotracheal intubation and vasopressors added for hemodynamic support. Pericardiocentesis was indicated however, patient’s INR was severely elevated in the setting of anticoagulation use. Efforts were made to lower INR with FFP; however, patient had a PEA arrest the following day and expired.

COVID-19 has been classically known for its detrimental lung damage; however, it has shown to cause extrapulmonary effects as well. Cardiac injury is one phenomenon that has been seen with the fulminant inflammatory state that COVID is known to cause. With a few cases reported for COVID pericarditis, it is a possible culprit when all other causes have been ruled out. Pericardial involvement can be seen in about 20% of COVID 19 cases, with effusion found in about 5% of patients (1). Concomitant myocarditis can also be found in up to 17% of patients. Having isolated cardiac involvement with COVID is rare, with most cases presenting mainly as lung involvement in addition to other organs affected as well. Clinically, patients with pericarditis typically experience chest pain and in the setting of COVID infection, an increase in inflammatory markers. Characteristic findings of pericarditis include friction rub on auscultation, diffuse ST elevations on EKG and a potential progression to pericardial effusion on echo. When a pericardial effusion becomes large enough, it can progress to cardiac tamponade (2). Having a high clinical suspicion for tamponade is crucial in a patient who has developed respiratory distress and hypotension in the setting of recent viral pericarditis. It is a clinical diagnosis and requires rapid treatment with pericardiocentesis to prevent cardiac arrest.

Sarah Youkhana, MD¹ and Maged Tanios, MD²

St. Mary Medical Center, Long Beach, CA USA

¹Internal Medicine Resident, PGY-3

²Medical Director, Critical Care Services

References

1. Diaz-Arocutipa C, Saucedo-Chinchay J, Imazio M. Pericarditis in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2021 Sep 1;22(9):693-700. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2. Imazio M, Gaita F, LeWinter M. Evaluation and Treatment of Pericarditis: A Systematic Review. JAMA. 2015 Oct 13;314(14):1498-506. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Cite as: Youkhana S, Tanios M. April 2022 Medical Image of the Month: COVID Pericarditis. Southwest J Pulm Crit Care Sleep 2022;24(4):62-3. doi: https://doi.org/10.13175/swjpccs006-22 PDF