September 2014 Critical Care Case of the Month: Bad Case of Colic

Sherry Andrews MD

Eyad Almasri MD

Pulmonary and Critical Care

UCSF Fresno

Fresno, CA

History of Present Illness:

A 70 year old man with a past medical history of chronic kidney disease, bipolar disorder, benign prostatic hypertrophy, hypertension and diabetes presented to the emergency department with constipation associated with bloating for 15 days. He denies flatus. He tried over the counter laxatives (polyethylene glycol) with no relief. He has no recent history of colonoscopy or recent antibiotic use. He denies chills, diarrhea, dysuria, fever, hematochezia, hematuria, melena, nausea or vomiting. In the emergency department, he is tachypneic with a grossly distended abdomen.

Past Medical History:

• Diabetes
• Hypertension
• Chronic kidney disease
• Bipolar disorder
• Benign prostatic hypertrophy
• Hyperlipidemia

Past Surgical History:

• Cholecystectomy 2012

Medications:

• Aspirin 81 mg daily
• Furosemide 20 mg daily
• Quetiapine 300 daily
• Doxazosin- 4 mg daily
• Clonazepam 1 mg – twice daily as needed
• Simvastatin 20 mg – daily
• Pioglitazone 15 mg daily

Social History:

He is a retired farm laborer and worked in a cannery. He is married and has two adult children.

He was a former smoker and quit in 2010 He denies any alcohol or illicit drug use

Physical Exam:

• Vital signs – Temperature 37.2 °C, heart rate 84 beats/min, respiratory rate 18-24 breaths/min, blood pressure 121/83 mmHg, SpO2 94 % on 4 L NC 
• General – Average build, well-nourished, in mild distress
• HEENT – Unremarkable
• Neck - Supple, no jugular venous distention
• Chest – Decreased breath sounds right base more than left base
• Heart - Regular rate, normal S1/S2, no murmur
• Abdomen – hypoactive bowel sounds, soft, distended, non-tender to palpation but diffusely tympanic.
• Neurological - Appropriately moves all 4 extremities, CN II-XII grossly intact
• Extremities - No edema
• Skin - No rash or palpable nodules

Laboratory:

• CBC: WBC 6.4 X 10³ /μL, hemoglobin 15.3 g/dL, hematocrit 45%, Platelets 121,000 /μL.
• Chemistries: Na⁺ 141 mmol/L, K⁺ 4.5 mmol /L, Cl^- 105 mmol /L, CO₂ 25 mmol /L, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 24 mg/dL, creatinine 1.2 mg/dL, glucose 95 mg/dL, calcium 9.9 mg/dL, albumin 4.2 g/dL, liver function tests within normal limits. hemoglobin A1C 5.1%. lactic acid 1.8 mmol/L
•  Coagulation: Prothrombin time (PT) 16.6 sec, international normalized ratio (INR) 1.3

Radiography:

A CT scan abdomen and pelvis was done and a representative coronal view is shown in Figure 1.

Panel 1. Coronal cut of computed Tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis on admission.

Which of the following are characteristics of acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie’s syndrome)? (Click on the correct answer to proceed to the next panel)

1. Antibiotics and abnormal bacterial overgrowth are implicated in the pathogenesis
2. Immediate surgical decompression is required
3. It is a complication of inflammatory bowel disease
4. It occurs in the absence of an anatomic lesion that obstructs the flow of intestinal contents

Reference as: Andrews S, Almasri E. September 2014 critical care case of the month: bad case of colic. Southwest J Pulm Crit Care. 2014;9(3):151-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13175/swjpcc094-14 PDF 

Life Threatening Zygomyces Infection of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Mohanad Al-Qaisi, MD¹

Charles Stauffer, MD¹

Gerges Makar, MD¹

Tim Kuberski, MD²

¹Department of Medicine, Maricopa Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona

²Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Maricopa Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona

Abstract

A 25 year old diabetic woman was admitted into the Intensive Care Unit because of ketoacidosis, hypotension and upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Emergency endoscopic biopsy of the upper gastrointestinal tract demonstrated invasive, non-septate fungal hyphae suggestive of either a Zygomyces or Basidiobolus. Amphotericin B was not used because of its ineffectiveness against Basidiobolus and her renal failure. In addition, first generation antifungal azoles were not used because of their ineffectiveness against Zygomyces. The patient responded to medical therapy and the broad-spectrum azole antifungal posaconazole which has activity against both Basidiobolus and Zygomyces. The patient recovered from her critical illness and on follow up was without residual problems.

Introduction

Zygomyces are a group of fungi which include Mucor, Rhizopus and Absidia, the more common pathologic fungi in the order of Mucorales. As a group, these fungi are characterized by having non-septate hyphae and cause aggressive angioinvasion in certain immunosuppressed settings like ketoacidosis (1). We present a patient who presented with a life-threatening septic syndrome, ketoacidosis and gastrointestinal bleeding due to an infection by an unknown non-septate hyphal fungus, eventually identified as Rhizopus species. On presentation the patient was critically ill and admitted to the Intensive Care Unit. Her early course was complicated by a therapeutic antifungal dilemma which could influence her survival.

Case Report

A 25 years old woman with diabetes was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit with septic syndrome and diabetic ketoacidosis. She was hypotensive, blood pressure was 75/42 mmHg, heart rate 147/min, temperature 38.7 C. Pertinent blood testing revealed the following; glucose 623 mg/dl, creatinine 2.15 mg/dl, bicarbonate 13.6 mmol/L, lactic acid 6.8 mmol/L, WBC 9200/ μL, hemoglobin 7.4 gm/ dl. She was treated aggressively with intubation, mechanical ventilation, vasopressors and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Her diabetes was treated conventionally. Her course was complicated by a drop in hemoglobin from 11.4 to 7.0 gm/ dl despite transfusions. Her stool was found to be hemoccult positive.

Upper endoscopy showed multiple ulcers involving the gastric body extending onto the cardia which was covered with coffee ground exudate. Biopsies were obtained and showed a "fungus" with non-septate hyphae on preliminary histopathology and amphotericin B was initiated empirically. She continued to experience significant hematemesis and hypotension requiring multiple transfusions (4 units). The amphotericin B was discontinued because of progressive azotemia. Upon review of the pathology from the stomach biopsy, the possibility was raised that she might have either a Basidiobolus or Zygomyces infection (Figure 1).

Figure 1 illustrates the difference in appearance of non-septate hyphae between fungi in tissue in vivo and on culture in vitro. (A) Fungal culture (in vitro) showing the non­ septate hyphae. (B) GMS stain of the stomach tissue from the patient (in vivo) showing fungus fragments having broad, irregular, non-septate hyphae, arrow. The hyphae morphology becomes distorted with angioinvasion and tissue necrosis.

The patient was started empirically on oral posaconazole 400 mg twice daily which theoretically would be effective for both fungi. Within a few days the ketoacidosis resolved, the gastrointestinal bleeding stopped and she was discharged a few days later. After her discharge a Rhizopus species was cultured and identified as the causative agent.

Discussion

The therapeutic dilemma in the treatment of this patient was related to the inability to differentiate between two potential fungal pathogens, Zygomyces or Basidiobolus on the basis of only tissue pathology. Under ideal circumstances the histopathology might differentiate the two, however trying to distinguish between the two can be difficult because both have non-septate hyphae, are morphologically similar, and can involve the stomach. Based on morphology the differentiation between Basidiobolus and Rhizopus is subtle. For Basidiobolus the hyphal elements typically show "sparse" septation while Rhizopus hyphal elements show "infrequent" septation. There was an added problem in that confirmatory cultures can take weeks before a specific identification can be made. Zygomyces infections tend to be rapidly destructive, but are rare to involve the gastrointestinal tract (1). In contrast, Basidiobolus rananum is endemic to Arizona and generally known to primarily cause gastrointestinal infections (2). That organism however, usually causes an indolent process and is less likely to be fatal. However, there is a case report of angioinvasive disease with basidiobolomycosis reminiscent of mucormycosis in diabetics (3). Epidemiological studies on Basidiobolus suggest that the common risks for this infection include living in Arizona, having diabetes and use of medications that suppress stomach acids (2).

A high index of suspicion in our patient with some of these risk factors made Basidiobolus a consideration. Importantly, the antifungal treatment of Basidiobolus is different than for the Zygomyces (i.e., Rhizopus). Basidiobolus is known to be resistant to amphotericin B and the preferred treatment is itraconazole (2).

Our patient initially received a few doses of amphotericin B empirically because of the report of a non-septate "fungus" on biopsy. Amphotericin B is the drug of choice for Zygomyces, but not for Basidiobolus (4). Notably itraconazole is not effective for the Zygomyces. The treatment decision was made to use posaconazole because of its broad spectrum antifungal activity that would have activity against both Zygomyces and Basidiobolus. In addition, there is a report of posaconazole being used successfully to treat gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis (5). Of the Zygomyces, Rhizopus is the most common cause of human infections, more than Mucor. Certainly correcting the ketoacidosis and gastrointestinal bleeding contributed to her improvement, but the mortality rate in diabetic patients with Zygomyces involving the gastrointestinal tract is about 85% (6). The patient appeared to be effectively treated based on the therapeutic antifungal decision while the patient was critically ill. She was seen in follow up several weeks later without any obvious residual effects. Her response to posaconazole suggests it would be an effective consideration in places like Arizona where Basidiobolus and Zygomyces could be in the differential.

References

1. Chayakulkeeree M, Ghannoum MA, Perfect JR. Zygomycosis: the re-emerging fungal infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2006;25(4):215-29. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2. Vikram HR, Smilack JD, Leighton JA, Crowell MD, De Petris G.. Emergence of gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis in the united states, with a review of worldwide cases. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(12):1685-91. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3. Bigliazzi C, Poletti V, Dell'Amore D, Saragoni L, Colby TV. Disseminated basidiobolomycosis in an immunocompetent woman. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42(3):1367-9. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4. Guarro J, Aguilar C, Pujol I. In-vitro antifungal susceptibilities of Basidiobolus and Conidiobolus spp. strains. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999;44(4):557-60. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5. Rose RR, Lindsby MD, Hurst SF, Paddock CD, Damodaran T, Bennett J. Gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis treated with posaconazole. Med Mycol Case Rep. 2012;2:11-4. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
6. Roden MM, Zaoutis TE, Buchanon WL, Knudsen TA, Sarkisova TA, Schaufele RL, Sein M, Sein T, Chiou CC, Chu JH, Kontoyiannis DP, Walsh JT. Epidemiology and outcome of zygomycosis: a review of 929 reported cases. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(5):634-53. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Reference as: Al-Qaisi M, Stauffer C, Makar G, Kuberski T. Life threatening zygomyces infection of the gastrointestinal tract. Southwest J Pulm Crit Care. 2014;9(2):133-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13175/swjpcc090-14 PDF 

Ultrasound For Critical Care Physicians: Where Did the Bubbles Go?

A 35-year-old woman with factor V Leiden deficiency on chronic anticoagulation therapy and a history of multiple deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism and transient ischemic attacks presented for an evaluation of dyspnea. An echocardiogram with agitated saline contrast (bubble study) was performed (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Apical 4 chamber video taken from bubble study.

What is the best explanation for the findings in the video?

1. Intra-atrial right to left shunting
2. Normal bubble study
3. Pulmonary arterial-venous malformation
4. Ventricular septal defect

Reference as: Natt B, Snyder L, Lax D. Ultrasound for critical care physicians: where did the bubbles go? Southwest J Pulm Crit Care. 2014;9(2):91-3. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13175/swjpcc100-14 PDF

August 2014 Critical Care Case of the Month: The Beans Are Done

Theodore Loftsgard RN, CNP

Zanele Manaka R.R.T., C.R.T.

Jocelyn Coy R.N.

Jared J. Jones, Pharm.D., R.Ph.

Division of Critical Care

Mayo Clinic

Rochester, Minnesota

Case Presentation

A 68-year-old woman was admitted to the ICU due to acute renal failure in setting of ovarian cancer recurrence.

She reports a two week history of abdominal pain with increased, loose ileostomy output, nausea, one episode of vomiting of food returns, and profound increasing generalized weakness. She states she has been voiding urine in normal frequency. She took her most recent dose of Xarelto 20mg the evening prior to presentation.

On ICU arrival, she was alert and oriented but pale and underweight with dry mucous membranes. She reported 2/10 generalized abdominal pain. Her blood pressure was stable. 

PMH

March 2013: Diagnosed with stage IIIC metastatic ovarian cancer.  She underwent extensive abdominal surgery including radical hysterectomy, diverting loop ileostomy and cholecystectomy.  Final pathology: grade 3 serous carcinoma involving omentum, descending colon, cecum and terminal ileum, both ovaries with implants on bilateral tubes and uterine serosa, right pelvic side wall, right diaphragm, 3 right paraaortic lymph nodes, and gallbladder. 

April 2013: She developed thrombus of the bilateral peroneal veins, left posterior tibial vein, and right soleal veins and was started on Lovenox She was recently transitioned to rivaroxaban (Xarelto).

February 2014: abdominal ultrasound showed numerous small, hypoechoic nodules and lesions throughout the liver which were worrisome for metastatic disease. She presented to the clinic today for a second opinion.

Current Medications

1. Fentanyl 100 mcg/hr patch 72 hour 1 patch transdermally every 3 days
2. Ibuprofen PRN
3. Oxycodone PRN
4. Rivaroxaban (Xarleto®) 20 mg daily
5. Sertraline (Zoloft®) 25 mg daily

Past Medical/Surgical History

    Past Medical History   

1. Craniocervical dystonia receives Botox injections.
2. Ovarian cancer

    Past Surgical History  

1. Appendectomy at 8 years old.
2. Tonsillectomy.
3. Laparoscopy in 1983 for infected Dalkon Shield.
4. L5 bulging disk surgery in the 1990s.
5. Total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomies, cholecystectomy, lymphadenectomy, and tumor debulking for ovarian cancer March 2013.

Physical Exam

Vital signs: height 164.3 cm, weight 42.90 kg, BSA(G) 1.40 M², BMI 15.892 Kg/M², temperature 36.4 °C, respiratory rate 13 breaths/minute, blood pressure 148/77 mmHg.  pulse 64/minute.  SpO2 98% on room air.

Heart: S1, S2 with no murmur, click, rub. Sinus rhythm, rate 64, no ectopy.

Lungs: Respirations symmetrical and easy with bilateral breath sounds clear to auscultation.

Abdomen: Slightly firm, nondistended, mild tenderness to palpation, bowel sounds present. Ostomy pink with dark brown liquid output in bag.

Electrocardiogram

Figure 1. ICU admission electrocardiogram.

Ultrasonography

Figure 2. Panel A: Static image from abdominal ultrasound of inferior vena cava. Panel B: Static image from abdominal ultrasound showing longitudinal axis of left kidney. Panel C: Static image from abdominal ultrasound showing longitudinal axis of right kidney. Lower panel: movie of ultrasound of inferior vena cava.

Which of the following is (are) true? (Click on the correct answer to proceed to the next panel)

1. The electrocardiogram shows tall, peaked T waves
2. The inferior vena cava is collapsed suggesting volume depletion
3. There is hydronephrosis of the left kidney
4. There is hydronephrosis of the right kidney
5. All of the above

Reference as: Loftsgard TO, Manaka Z, Coy J, Jones JJ. August 2014 critical care case of the month: the beans are done. Southwest J Pulm Crit Care. 2014;9(2):72-82. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13175/swjpcc087-14 PDF

Ultrasound for Critical Care Physicians: Cardiogenic Shock-This Is Not a Drill

Ramakrishna Chaikalam, MD 

Shozab Ahmed, MD

Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep

University of New Mexico

Albuquerque, NM

A 45-year-old woman with no significant past history developed gradual onset of shortness of breath and cough over 1 week. She presented to the emergency department. Her initial chest x-ray showed an enlarged heart and bilateral pulmonary edema. The patient became progressively hypotensive and hypoxic and was intubated. Transthoracic echocardiography is shown below (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Transthoracic echocardiogram in the para-sternal long axis view of the heart.

What intra-cardiac device in the left ventricle is pictured on the image? (Click on the correct answer to proceed to the next panel)

1. Amplatz closure device of atrial septal defect
2. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (ECMO) cannula
3. Impella device
4. Intra-aortic balloon pump
5. Pacemaker lead

Reference as: Chaikalam R, Ahmed S. Ultrasound for critical care physicians: cardiogenic shock-this is not a drill. Southwest J Pulm Crit Care. 2014;9(1):27-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13175/swjpcc091-14 PDF